Effect of type of fiber and its physicochemical properties on performance, digestive transit time, and cecal fermentation in broilers from 1 to 23 d of age.

The effects of insoluble fiber (IF) sources differing on particle size and hydration capacity (HC) on growth performance, gastrointestinal tract (GIT) development, cecal fermentation, and digestive transit time were investigated from 1 to 23 d of age in 550 Ross-308 broiler males housed in 50 cages. The experimental design was based on the administration of a common corn-soybean meal nonsupplemented with additional IF sources diet in mash form (Control), and 4 dietary treatments consisting in the Control diet diluted with 1.5% of different IF: lignocellulose (LC), fine-ground straw (FS) and coarse-ground straw (CS), all characterized by high HC; and almond shell (AS) having low HC. Cecal fermentation was assessed by in vitro fermentation of the IF sources using the cecal content of 22-day broilers as inoculum. Compared with control birds, the inclusion of IF sources tended to impair the FCR (P = 0.053), with birds fed the HC-IF sources (LC, FS, and CS) showing lower ADFI (P = 0.005) and ADG (P = 0.001) than those fed the AS diet. The relative weight of gizzard and cecum, small intestine length, and digestive transit time decreased in AS group (P ≤ 0.050) compared with the average value of the groups fed the other IF sources. The inclusion of IF reduced (P = 0.006) the excreta moisture content, with no differences among IF sources. Dietary treatments had no effect either on cecal short fatty acids concentration or on intestinal morphology. As indicated by the in vitro gas production results, both LC and AS were less fermented than FS and CS, although all IF sources were low fermentable. None of the IF sources were able to influence the fermentation capacity of cecal microbiota after 22 d of feeding. In summary, animals fed AS presented smaller gizzard and cecum relative size, showed higher ADFI and ADG, and tended to improve fed conversion ratio in comparison to those fed the rest of IF sources.

[Breath-holding spell or epileptic seizure? A description of three girls with epileptic seizures triggered by anoxia]. / ¿Espasmo del sollozo prolongado o crisis epiléptica?: descripción de tres niñas con crisis epilépticas desencadenadas por anoxia.

TITLE: ¿Espasmo del sollozo prolongado o crisis epiléptica?: descripción de tres niñas con crisis epilépticas desencadenadas por anoxia.

Effect of a functional feed additive on mitigation of experimentally induced gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata enteromyxosis.

In gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata, infection by Enteromyxum leei produces a cachectic syndrome with anorexia, weight loss, severe epaxial muscle atrophy and, eventually, death. Currently, there are neither vaccines nor effective prescription medicines to control this infection. Nutraceutical approaches are raising interest in the aquaculture industry, responding to the lack of therapeutic tools for the management of insidious chronic losses due to parasites. In this study, the effect of a commercially available health-promoting feed additive (SANACORE® GM) at 2 different doses was tested in comparison with a basal diet without the additive during a laboratory-controlled challenge with E. leei. Group performance and biometrical values were monitored, and an in-depth parasitological diagnosis, quantification of parasite loads and histopathological examination were carried out at the end of the trial. Supplemented diets mitigated the anorexia and growth arrestment observed in challenged fish fed the basal diet. This mitigation was maximum in the highest dose group, whose growth performance was not different from that of unchallenged controls. Treated groups also presented lower prevalence of infection and a lower parasite load, although the differences in the mean intensity of infection were not statistically significant. Although the decrease in parasite levels was similar with both doses of additive tested, the pathogeny of the infection was mostly suppressed with the higher dose, while only mitigated with the lower dose. The mechanisms involved in the effects obtained remain to be investigated, but the results point to a modulation of the immunopathological response to the infection.

Horizontal transmission of Endolimax piscium, causative agent of systemic amoebiasis in Senegalese sole Solea senegalensis.

Systemic amoebiasis of Senegalese sole Solea senegalensis is caused by Endolimax piscium Constenla, Padrós & Palenzuela, 2014 a cryptic parasitic member of the Archamoebae whose epidemiology is yet unknown. To test whether the parasite can be transmitted horizontally, an experimental trial by cohabitation between non-infected and infected fish was designed. Transmission of the parasite from naturally infected to healthy fish was confirmed in the experiment, with the water as the most likely route of infection. Under the conditions of the study, the infection process was remarkably slow, as parasites could be detected by in situ hybridization within the intestinal mucosa of recipient fish only after 17 wk of cohabitation, and none of the new hosts displayed clinical signs of disease. Long prepatent period and the need for additional triggering factors for the development of the clinical condition are suggested. The intestinal mucosa is proposed as the tissue where the amoeba can survive as endocommensal, but also as an invasion route from which the parasite would disperse to other organs.

The prostacyclin pathway in pulmonary arterial hypertension: a clinical review.

INTRODUCTION: Prostacyclin is produced in vascular endothelial cells and acts via the IP prostacyclin receptor to cause vasodilation and inhibit smooth muscle cell proliferation and platelet aggregation. Prostacyclin production is reduced in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), and drugs targeting the prostacyclin pathway are one of the pharmacotherapeutic options for PAH. Areas covered: The prostacyclin pathway and drugs that target it are discussed, including synthetic prostacyclin (epoprostenol), prostacyclin analogs (iloprost, treprostinil, beraprost) and selective prostacyclin IP receptor agonists (selexipag). An overview of the development of these therapies, from the earlier agents requiring parenteral administration, through inhaled formulations, to oral products, is provided, together with a summary of data from key clinical trials and registries. Expert commentary: Synthetic prostacyclin and prostacyclin analogs are beneficial for patients with PAH, but they tend to be underused, in part due to the difficulties associated with the administration of parenteral and inhaled formulations. Oral prostacyclin analogs have some limitations with regard to efficacy. The newest agent targeting the prostacyclin pathway, the selective prostacyclin receptor agonist selexipag, is administered orally, and has been shown to reduce a composite morbidity/mortality endpoint. Ongoing studies will help clarify how best to use it in the management of PAH.

Manifestaciones neuropsiquiátricas de la enfermedad de Graves en la edad pediátrica / Neuropsychiatric manifestations of Graves’ disease in paediatric patients

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[Restless legs syndrome in patients diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]. / Sindrome de piernas inquietas en pacientes diagnosticados de trastorno por deficit de atencion/hiperactividad.

INTRODUCTION: Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a common neurological disease. RLS has been linked to various psychiatric disorders, especially with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). AIMS: The main objective was to describe the frequency of RLS in pediatric patients diagnosed with ADHD. Secondary objectives of the study were describe other sleep disorders in ADHD patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A multicentre prospective study was conducted in nine Spanish centers. We included children aged 6-18 years diagnosed with ADHD between January and June 2015. Data were collected by 13 researchers doctors through an interview with the parent/caregiver and with the child. To assess the degree of functioning of patients with ADHD we used the Children's Global Assessment Scale. The Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children was applied to screening sleep disorders in childhood. RESULTS: A sample of 73 patients was collected. Five patients (6.8%) met diagnostic criteria for RLS: four of them definitive and one probable. CONCLUSIONS: RLS is a frequent condition in adulthood but also in adolescence and childhood. ADHD patients have an increased risk of an RLS.

TITLE: Sindrome de piernas inquietas en pacientes diagnosticados de trastorno por deficit de atencion/hiperactividad.Introduccion. El sindrome de piernas inquietas (SPI) es una patologia neurologica comun. Se ha relacionado con diferentes trastornos psiquiatricos, especialmente con el trastorno por deficit de atencion/hiperactividad (TDAH). Objetivos. El objetivo principal fue describir la frecuencia del SPI en pacientes pediatricos diagnosticados de TDAH. Los objetivos secundarios del estudio fueron describir otros trastornos del sueño en pacientes con TDAH. Pacientes y metodos. Se realizo un estudio descriptivo prospectivo multicentrico en nueve centros españoles de niños de 6-18 años con diagnostico de TDAH entre enero y junio de 2015. Los datos fueron recogidos por 13 medicos investigadores mediante entrevista con el padre/cuidador y con el menor. Para valorar el grado de funcionamiento de los pacientes con TDAH se utilizo la Children's Global Assessment Scale. Se aplico la Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children de Bruni para el cribado del trastorno de sueño de la infancia. Resultados. Se recogio una muestra de 73 pacientes. Cinco pacientes (6,8%) cumplen criterios diagnosticos de SPI: cuatro de ellos definitivos y uno probable. Conclusiones. El SPI es una entidad frecuente en la edad adulta, pero tambien en la adolescencia y en la infancia. Los pacientes con TDAH tienen un riesgo aumentado de presentar de manera concomitante un SPI.

Development of different diagnostic techniques for Endolimax piscium (archamoebae) and their applicability in Solea senegalensis clinical samples.

Systemic amoebiasis of sole is caused by Endolimax piscium, a cryptic parasitic archamoeba whose epidemiology and pathogeny are yet unknown. To establish reliable detection methods for this parasite, a battery of molecular diagnostic tools (ISH, PCR and qPCR) were developed and evaluated with a panel of clinical samples from symptomatic diseased fish and from apparently normal animals of different stocks. As there is neither enough background information on the epidemiology of the disease nor a validated reference method, comparison of tests used a composite reference method approach. The ISH technique was the most specific and sensitive in intestine samples and particularly useful as a reference confirmatory method, while the best method in muscle samples was qPCR. Application of the tests to asymptomatic fish demonstrated presence of parasites in a large proportion (>25%) of their intestines, suggesting that this is the point of entry of the amoebae and the initial stage in the development of the disease. The triggering factors that facilitate the breaching of the intestinal barrier by E. piscium, causing granulomatous lesions in other organs and systemic spreading, are not completely understood but our results point to the connective tissue as a preferential target for parasite development and migration.

Management and outcomes in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: From expert centers to a nationwide perspective.

BACKGROUND: The Spanish "Registry of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension" (REHAP), started in 2007, includes chronic thromboembolic hypertension (CTEPH) patients. Based on data provided by this registry and retrospective data from patients diagnosed during 2006 (≤ 12 months since the registry was created), clinical management and long-term outcomes of CTEPH patients are analyzed nationwide for the first time in a scenario of a decentralized organization model of CTEPH management. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 391 patients (median [Q1:Q3] age 63.7 [48.0;73.3] years, 58% females) with CTEPH included during the period January 1, 2006-December 31, 2013 in the REHAP registry were analyzed. Rate of pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) was 31.2%, and highly asymmetric among centers: rate was 47.9% at two centers designated as CTEPH expert centers, while it was 4.6% in other centers. Among patients not undergoing PEA, 82% were treated with therapies licensed for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Five-year survival rate was 86.3% for PEA patients, and 64.9% for non-PEA patients. Among non-PEA patients, presenting proximal lesions (42% of non-referred patients) was associated with a 3-fold increase in mortality. PEA patients achieved significantly better hemodynamic and clinical outcomes at one-year follow-up compared to non-PEA patients. Patients not being referred for PEA assessment were older and had a worse functional capacity. Older age was the most deterrent factor for non-operability. CONCLUSION: Despite the increase in diagnosis and expertise in PEA-specialized centers, an important percentage of patients do not benefit of PEA in a decentralized organization model of CTEPH management.

Sueño y obesidad en la infancia / Sleep and obesity in childhood

La obesidad y el síndrome metabólico son dos de los grandes problemas de salud infantil de la sociedad occidental. De forma paralela, en los últimos años también estamos asistiendo a una disminución de las horas de sueño entre la población infantil. Desde 1992, numerosos estudios epidemiológicos, tanto transversales como longitudinales, demuestran que la privación crónica de sueño en niños se asocia a un mayor riesgo de desarrollo de sobrepeso-obesidad y/o síndrome metabólico (hipertensión arterial, aumento de resistencia a la insulina y dislipemia). Los mecanismos precisos por los que dormir menos horas provoca obesidad son desconocidos, aunque parecen estar implicados múltiples factores, como las alteraciones en el eje hipotálamo-hipofisario (varios neuropéptidos como la leptina y la grelina), un mayor apetito con especial avidez por comidas de alto valor energético, o una mayor sensación de fatiga, con la consiguiente reducción de la actividad física y aparición de alteraciones en el ciclo sueño-vigilia (alteraciones del ritmo de la melatonina). En este trabajo se han revisado las evidencias actuales sobre la relación entre el sueño y la obesidad en la población pediátrica. Actualmente se acepta que los niños que duermen menos horas tienen mayor probabilidad de desarrollar sobrepeso y síndrome metabólico, aunque no se ha podido aún demostrar una clara relación de causalidad. Es necesario promover un sueño adecuado entre la población infantil, ya no sólo por los numerosos efectos beneficiosos conocidos (cognitivos, inmunológicos, conductuales, metabólicos e incluso de disminución de la mortalidad), sino también por un posible efecto preventivo de la obesidad y el síndrome metabólico (AU)

Obesity and metabolic syndrome are two of the major child health problems in Western society. During the last years, it has been also noticed a decline in sleeping hours among children. Since 1992, many epidemiological studies, both cross-sectional and longitudinal, have shown that chronic sleep deprivation in children relates to an increasing risk of developing overweight-obesity and/or metabolic syndrome (hypertension, increasing resistance to insulin and dyslipidemia). Although precise proccess that make obesity leads to a reduction of sleeping hours are currently unknown, a number of proccess that seem to be somehow involved have been identified. Among others, we may mention the alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary (several neuropeptides such as leptin and ghrelin), an increasing appetite with special foods high avidity energy, a greater sense of fatigue with consequent reduction in physical activity, and changes in sleep-wake cycle (melatonin rhythm disturbances). This work contains a review of current evidence on the relationship between sleep and obesity within the pediatric population. It is now accepted that children who sleep less hours are more likely to develop overweight and metabolic syndrome, but it has not been possible to demonstrate a clear causality yet. It is necessary to promote adequate sleep among children, not only due to the many beneficial effects already known (cognitive, immunological, behavioral, metabolic and even decrease mortality), but also given its potential ability to prevent obesity and metabolic syndrome (AU)

Hamartoma hipotalámico en la edad pediátrica: características clínicas, evolución y revisión de la literatura / Hypothalamic hamartoma in paediatric patients: clinical characteristics, outcomes and review of the literature

Objetivos: Describir las características epidemiológicas, clínico-electroencefalográficas y la morbilidad asociada de los pacientes con hamartoma hipotalámico, así como la evolución y el tratamiento seguido. Pacientes y métodos: Se han revisado retrospectivamente las historias clínicas de 10 pacientes diagnosticados de hamartoma hipotalámico por resonancia magnética en los últimos 20 años.Resultados: La edad de debut de la epilepsia en los pacientes con hamartoma hipotalámico en nuestra serie está comprendida entre los primeros días de vida y los 2 años. De los 10 pacientes totales, 8 tuvieron crisis epilépticas en su evolución. Todos ellos presentaron crisis gelásticas, además de otros tipos de crisis, siendo las más frecuentes las parciales simples. Los hallazgos electroencefalográficos registrados fueron muy variables. Uno de los pacientes desarrolló encefalopatía epiléptica. Cinco pacientes presentaron algún tipo de trastorno de conducta. Cinco pacientes presentaron problemas cognitivos. En los 8 pacientes que presentaron crisis se ensayaron al menos 2 fármacos antiepilépticos diferentes y en 6 pacientes de estos se recurrió a alguna modalidad de tratamiento no farmacológica con el objetivo del control de las crisis. Solo en 3 de los 8 pacientes se ha conseguido aceptable control de su epilepsia. Cinco pacientes de la serie desarrollaron pubertad precoz. El tiempo medio de seguimiento de la serie es de 6 años. Conclusiones: La epilepsia es la manifestación más frecuente de los hamartomas hipotalámicos, siendo en la mayoría de los casos farmacorresistente, lo que conlleva dificultades en el manejo de estos pacientes, precisando en muchas ocasiones cirugía para su control. Es frecuente la aparición de comorbilidad psiquiátrica y afectación cognitiva (AU)

Objective: To describe the epidemiological and clinical-electroencephalographic characteristics, and associated morbidity of patients with hypothalamic hamartoma, as well as the treatment followed and outcomesPatients and methods: We have retrospectively reviewed the medical histories of 10 patients diagnosed with hypothalamic hamartoma by magnetic resonance imaging over the last 20 years. Results: The age of onset of epilepsy in patients with hypothalamic hamartoma in our series was between the first days of life and 2 years. Of the 10 total patients, 8 had epileptic seizures during its progress. All of them had gelastic seizures, in addition to other types of seizures, with the most common being partial simple seizures. The electroencephalographic findings recorded were highly variable. One of the patients developed epileptic encephalopathy. Five patients had some kind of conduct disorder. Five patients had cognitive problems. At least 2 different antiepileptic drugs were measured in 8 of the patients who had seizures, and in 6 of these some type of non-pharmacological treatment had been used with the objective of seizure control. Only in 3 of 8 patients has been achieved Acceptable control of epilepsy had only been achieved in 3 out the 8 patients. Five patients of the series developed precocious puberty. The average time of follow-up of the series was approximately 6 years.Conclusions: Epilepsy is the most frequent manifestation of hypothalamic hamartomas. Most cases were drug-resistant, which led to difficulties in the management of these patients, requiring surgery for their control on many occasions. Psychiatric comorbidity and cognitive impairment is common (AU)

Determinación de la dimensión vertical oclusal en desdentados totales: comparación de métodos convencionales con el craneómetro de Knebelman / Determination of oclusal vertical dimension in edentulous: comparison of conventional methods with Knebelman craneometer

Objetivo: Se realizó una investigación cuyo propósito fue comparar la DVO determinada mediante métodos convencionales y la determinada por el craneómetro de Knebelman en el mismo paciente. Método: Se consideró como metodología convencional la DVO medida estando el paciente con sus prótesis en máxima intercuspidación. El estudio se realizo en una muestra de 45 individuos desdentados totales y parciales sin referencia oclusiva, rehabilitados con prótesis removible en la en la Clínica Integral del Adulto I y II. Los resultados fueron analizados empleando el test t pareado expresado en mm. de la DVO determinada con cada metodología. Resultado: Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre ambas mediciones y se empleó el test Chi-Cuadrado para analizar la influencia en la magnitud de la DVO observada cuando se emplea una o más referencias en su determinación, donde no se encontraron diferencias significativas. El rango de diferencias entre ambas metodologías de determinación en promedio fue de 2.93 mm considerado no relevante desde el punto de vista clínico. Conclusión: En este contexto el craneómetro de Knebelman puede ser un valioso instrumento que permita simplificar la determinación de la DVO en pacientes desdentados.

Objective: The purpose of this investigation was to compare the OVD obtained with the conventional methods and the one that is obtained with the Knebelman craniometric system in the same patient. Methods: The OVD considered as "conventional" was the one obtained with the patient using his/her dental prosthesis in maximum intercuspidation. This study was made using a sample of 45 edentulous and partially edentulous subjects, all treated with full removable denture and RPD in "Odontologia Integral del Adulto I & II". The results were analyzed using pair comparison system for the different OVD obtained with both methods (all expressed in millimeters). Results: Significant differences were found between both methods. The Chi-Square test to analyze de influence in the OVD when one or more references are used, didn´t show any significant differences. The average discrepancy between the two methods was 2.93 mm, which is considered as not clinically significant. Conclusion: In this context the Knebelman craneometer can be considered as an important instrument to simplify the determination of the OVD in edentulous patients.

[Hypothalamic hamartoma in paediatric patients: clinical characteristics, outcomes and review of the literature]. / Hamartoma hipotalámico en la edad pediátrica: características clínicas, evolución y revisión de la literatura.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiological and clinical-electroencephalographic characteristics, and associated morbidity of patients with hypothalamic hamartoma, as well as the treatment followed and outcomes PATIENTS AND METHODS: We have retrospectively reviewed the medical histories of 10 patients diagnosed with hypothalamic hamartoma by magnetic resonance imaging over the last 20 years. RESULTS: The age of onset of epilepsy in patients with hypothalamic hamartoma in our series was between the first days of life and 2 years. Of the 10 total patients, 8 had epileptic seizures during its progress. All of them had gelastic seizures, in addition to other types of seizures, with the most common being partial simple seizures. The electroencephalographic findings recorded were highly variable. One of the patients developed epileptic encephalopathy. Five patients had some kind of conduct disorder. Five patients had cognitive problems. At least 2 different antiepileptic drugs were measured in 8 of the patients who had seizures, and in 6 of these some type of non-pharmacological treatment had been used with the objective of seizure control. Only in 3 of 8 patients has been achieved Acceptable control of epilepsy had only been achieved in 3 out the 8 patients. Five patients of the series developed precocious puberty. The average time of follow-up of the series was approximately 6 years. CONCLUSIONS: Epilepsy is the most frequent manifestation of hypothalamic hamartomas. Most cases were drug-resistant, which led to difficulties in the management of these patients, requiring surgery for their control on many occasions. Psychiatric comorbidity and cognitive impairment is common.

Epilepsias benignas de la infancia: dificultades académicas y alteraciones comportamentales / Benign childhood epilepsies: academic difficulties and behavioural disorder

Introducción. Se han publicado artículos en los que se muestra que los pacientes pueden presentar trastornos del comportamiento y dificultad para el aprendizaje en las epilepsias benignas de la infancia (EBI). Objetivos. Hacer una revisión de los pacientes con diagnóstico de EBI en nuestro hospital e identificar si presentan dichas alteraciones. Pacientes y métodos. Revisión retrospectiva de las historias clínicas de los pacientes con diagnóstico de EBI. Se realizó electroencefalograma (EEG) o video-EEG-poligrafía de sueño a todos los pacientes. Para la valoración intelectual se utilizaron los tests de inteligencia para niños de Wechsler. Resultados. Se recogieron 102 pacientes con diagnóstico de EBI. El 51,6% de los pacientes con epilepsia rolándica mostraba una atención dispersa y el 16,2% evidenciaba un temperamento impulsivo. En el grupo con síndrome de Panayiotopoulos, un 30,3% mostraba una atención dispersa y un 27,3% presentaba un temperamento impulsivo. Se llevó a cabo una valoración psicométrica en 43 pacientes. El valor del cociente intelectual total medio fue de 95 (rango: 55-126). En los tres grupos el rendimiento escolar fue bueno en aproximadamente la mitad, regular en cerca del 30% y malo en alrededor del 15%. En el grupo con epilepsia rolándica se encontró relación entre paroxismos frontales (p = 0,039) y occipitales (p = 0,004) en el EEG y un peor rendimiento escolar. En este grupo, los niños con conductas calificadas como dispersa, impulsiva o hiperactiva mostraban con más frecuencia paroxismos izquierdos (p = 0,030). Conclusiones. Las EBI son entidades con buen pronóstico, pero parecen asociar trastornos del aprendizaje y conductuales. Sería conveniente realizar estudios neuropsicológicos a estos pacientes para detectar tales alteracione (AU)

Introduction. Some papers published in the literature have shown that patients can present behavioural disorders and learning difficulties in benign childhood epilepsies (BCE). Aims. To review the patients diagnosed with BCE in our hospital and to determine whether they present such disorders. Patients and methods. The study consisted in a retrospective review of the medical records of patients diagnosed with BCE. An electroencephalogram (EEG) or video-EEG-polygraph recordings were performed on all patients during sleep. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children was used to evaluate intelligence. Results. Data were collected for 102 patients diagnosed with BCE. Dispersed attention was observed in 51.6% of the patients with rolandic epilepsy and 16.2% displayed an impulsive temperament. In the group of patients with Panayiotopoulos syndrome, 30.3% displayed dispersed attention and 27.3% presented an impulsive temperament. A psychometric evaluation was carried out in 43 patients. The overall mean intelligence quotient was 95 (range: 55-126). In the three groups, academic achievement was good in approximately half the sample, regular in about 30% and poor in around 15%. In the group with rolandic epilepsy, the EEG showed a relation between frontal (p = 0.039) and occipital paroxysms (p = 0.004) and poorer academic achievement. In this group, the children with behaviours classed as dispersed, impulsive or hyperactive showed left-side paroxysms more frequently (p = 0.030). Conclusions. BCE are conditions with a good prognosis, but seem to be associated to learning and behavioural disorders. Neuropsychological studies should be conducted on these patients to detect these disorders (AU)

Características y evolución de los pacientes con síndrome de Alicia en el País de las Maravillas / Characteristics and evolution of patients with Alice in Wonderland syndrome

Introducción. El síndrome de Alicia en el País de las Maravillas es un cuadro de trastornos complejos de la percepción visual con múltiples etiologías. Objetivo. Describir las características clínicas, electrofisiológicas y etiológicas, y la evolución natural de los pacientes diagnosticados con este síndrome en relación con las diferentes etiologías. Pacientes y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo con la revisión de 20 pacientes con este diagnóstico desde enero de 1995 hasta febrero de 2010, recogiendo variables correspondientes a datos epidemiológicos, características de presentación, pruebas complementarias y evolución. Resultados. La media de edad al diagnóstico fue de 9,5 ± 3,8 años. Se presentó de manera aguda en el 85%. Experimentó micropsias o macropsias el 90%, distorsión de la forma de objetos el 85%, desplazamiento de objetos el 80%, distorsión de la imagen corporal el 45%, aceleración del tiempo el 45%, y sensación de irrealidad el 30%. El 95% fueron episodios pluricotidianos, con duración inferior a tres minutos. Se realizó electroencefalograma en todos los pacientes, resultando alterado en 11. Las pruebas de neuroimagen fueron normales en todos ellos. Cinco de los pacientes mostraron potenciales evocados visuales gigantes. Se determinó la etiología en todos los casos, infecciosa en nueve casos (cinco asociados a virus de Epstein-Barr), migraña en ocho, tóxicos en dos y epilepsia en uno. El 80% no tuvo recurrencia. Conclusiones. El síndrome de Alicia en el País de las Maravillas es un proceso de naturaleza benigna con resolución espontánea y sin recurrencia en la mayoría de las ocasiones. Entre la etiología destaca la infección por virus de Epstein-Barr y la migraña

Introduction. Alice in Wonderland syndrome is a process characterized for complex disorders of the visual perception with multiple etiologies. Aim. To evaluate the clinical, electrophysiological, etiological characteristics and natural evolution in children with Alice in Wonderland syndrome. Patients and methods. We have realized a retrospective study by what means of a review of 20 clinical histories of 18 year old minor patients diagnosed of Alice in Wonderland syndrome from January 1995 until February 2010. Results. The average of age to the diagnosis was 9.5 ± 3.8 years (range: 4-16 years). It appeared in an acute way in 85% and progressive in 15%. 90% had micropsias and/or macropsias, 85% distortion of the form of the objects, 80% displacement of objects, 45% disturbances of body image, 45% acceleration of the time and 30% sensation of unreality. 95% of the children had many episodes a day; these episodes lasted less than 3 minutes in 90%. Electroencephalogram was realized in all the patients, it was abnormal in 11 cases, in one case was found and epileptic foci (left temporal) and in 10 cases was found posterior slow waves. The tests of neuroimagen were normal in all the patients. The visual evoked potentials were realized in 7 children; five of these children showed higher amplitude in evoked potentials and two of these children had normal. The infectious etiology was found in nine cases (five partners to Epstein-Barr virus), migraine in eight, toxins in two and epilepsy in one case. 80% did not have recurrence. Conclusions. Alice in Wonderland syndrome is a benign process with trend to spontaneous resolution and without recurrence in the majority of the occasions. The principal etiologies are migraine and Epstein-Barr virus infection

Anuria intermitente postrasplante renal secundaria a granuloma calcificado del neomeato / Post-renal transplantation intermittent anuria secondary to calcifiedgranuloma of the neomeatus

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